Every surface where a ballot is cast.

One spine, many doors

Each surface is a way to reach the same contract. Verification, token issuance, the double-vote refusal and the tally all live below the interface, so a ballot cast at a staffed station and one cast on a phone are the same object in the record — and neither can be given a privilege the other lacks by changing the front end.

This is why the audit story survives the multi-platform story. If each surface kept its own ledger and reconciled later, "reconciled later" is exactly where results get lost.

Nobody should need a wallet balance

Requiring a voter to hold cryptocurrency to cast a vote is a poll tax with extra steps. Poll creators can sponsor transactions so participation costs the voter nothing and requires no prior relationship with an exchange. The sponsorship is a setting on the poll, visible like every other setting.

Assisted and in-person casting

Organisations vote in rooms. Tablet check-in and dedicated stations exist because an HOA meeting or an association AGM is a real setting with real accessibility obligations, and a product that only works for people comfortable installing a wallet has quietly disenfranchised part of the electorate it claims to serve.

Assisted casting is a place where transparency has to be sharper, not softer: an assisted ballot is still one token, still bound to one verified person, and still refuses a second cast.

What exists today